Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning 

- a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment 

Classical vs operant 

-they both use the 5 things "ADSGE"

-classical is automatic (respondent behavior). Dogs automatically salivate over meat, then bell no thinking involved 

-operant involves behavior where one can influence their environment 

With behavior which has consequences 

Edward thorndike

- law of effect rewarded behavior is likely to recur 

BF skinner 

Shaping 

-a procedures in operant conditioning in which reinforcers guide behaviors closer and closer towards a goal

Reinforcers 

- ant events that strengthen the behavior it follows 

2 types of reinforcement 

- positive and negative 

Positive reinforcement 

- strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response 

Negative reinforcement 

-strengthen a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus

Primary reinforcer

- an innately reinforcing stimulus 

Conditioned reinforcer (secondary )

-a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcers 

Continuous reinforcement

-reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs 

Partial reinforcements 

-reinforcing a response only part of the time 

- the acquisition process is slower

-greater resistance to extinction 

Fixed ratio schedule 

-a schedule that reinforces a responses only after a specified # of responses 

Variable-ratio schedule 

- a schedule reinforcement that reinforces a response 

Fixed interval schedule 

-a schedule reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

Variable-interval schedule 

- a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable times intervals 

Punishment 

-meant to decrease a behavior 

Positive 

-addition of something unpleasant 

Negative

- removal of something pleasant 

Punishment works best when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh 

Token economy 

- every time a desired behavior is preformed, a token is given 

- they can trade tokens in for a variety o prizes (reinforcers)

-used in homes, prison, mental institution, and school

Observation learning 

-Albert bAndura and his bobo doll

- we learn through modeling behavior from others

- observation learning + operant conditioning = social learning g theory 

Latent learning 

-Edward Toleman 

-sometimes learning is not immediately evident 

Insight learning 

- Wolfgang Koehler and his chimpanzees 

- aha moments . Learning through experience